Ikan Arowana (Kelisa)

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Ikan Kelisa (bahasa Inggeris: Arowana) juga dikenali sebagai "Dragon Fish" atau "Bony-tongued Dragon" oleh sesetengah masyarakat Cina serta para pengeksport/pengimport khususya, adalah spesis ikan hiasan eksotik air tawar yang amat diidamkan oleh kebanyakan pemelihara ikan hiasan akuarium. Ini adalah kerana spesies ini mampu mempamerkan keasliannya sebagai ikan hiasan klasik yang bermutu tinggi.

Semua ikan kelisa mempunyai kepala yang agak bertulang, dan badan memanjang yang dilitupi sisik besar dan berat dengan corak mozek terusan. Sirip dorsal dan dubur mempunyai sinar lembut dan agak panjang, manakala sirip pektoral dan ventral adalah kecil. Nama bony-tongue (lidah-tulang) berasal dari tulang bergigi di dasar mulut ikan kelisa, 'lidah', yang menggigit kepada gigi di lelangit mulut. Digelar dragon (naga) pula kerana sisik dan sesungutnya yang besar, menyerupai naga Cina. Ikan kelisa boleh mendapat oksigen dari udara dengan menyedutnya ke dalam pundi renangnya, yang berkedut dengan kapilari seperti tisu peparu.

Isi kandungan

Kelakuan

Ikan kelisa merupakan haiwan karnivor. Mereka pandai melompat, dan banyak yang mencari makan berhampiran permukaan air.

Pengelasan Spesies

Ikan kelisa terbahagi kepada sepuluh spesies: tiga dari Amerika Selatan, satu dari Afrika, empat dari Asia dan dua lagi dari Australia.

 
Scleropages formosus

Ikan Kelisa adalah di bawah CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). Dilarang menjual atau membeli Ikan Kelisa tanpa permit. Kebanyakan Ikan Kelisa di dalam akuarium rumah adalah daripada "fish farm" yang membiak ikan ini untuk dijual dan dieksport ke negeri lain, seperti Jepun dan Amerika.

Famili ini mengandungi dua subfamili, Heterotidinae dan Osteoglossinae, semuanya kecuali dua daripada sepuluh spesies yang wujud adalah ahli yang kedua. Species are given with one or more prominent common names.

Famili Osteoglossidae

‡This spesies adalah salah satu daripada dua kadangkala dikenali sebagai Australian arowana atau Australian bonytongue.

Satu kajian genetik menunjukkan bahawa keturunan yang membawa kepada arapaima dan arowana Afrika mencapah kira-kira 220 jutaan tahun dahulu, semasa Triassic Akhir; keturunan membawa kepada arowana perak dan biru gelap Amerika Selatan mencapah kira-kira 170 jutaan tahun dahulu, semasa Jurassic Tengah. Manakala keturunan arowana Australia mencapah membawa kepada arowana Asia kira-kira 140 juta tahun dahulu, semasa Cretaceous Awal.[1]

Ikan Marlin

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Marlin
Atlantic blue marlin.jpg
Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Istiophoridae
Rafinesque, 1810
Genera

 

A marlin is a fish from the family Istiophoridae. It has an elongated body, a spear-like snout or bill, and a long, rigid dorsal fin which extends forward to form a crest. Its common name is thought to derive from its resemblance to a sailor's marlinspike.[1] Even more so than their close relatives, the scombrids, marlins are fast swimmers, reaching speeds of about 80 km/h (50 mph).[2][3]

 

The larger species include the Atlantic blue marlin, Makaira nigricans, which can reach 5 m (16.4 ft) in length and 818 kg (1,803 lb) in weight[4] and the black marlin, Istiompax indica, which can reach in excess of 5 m (16.4 ft) in length and 670 kg (1,480 lb) in weight. They are popular sporting fish in tropical areas.

 

Ikan Toman

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Giant snakehead
Channa micropeltes 2012 G1.jpg
Conservation status
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Channidae
Genus: Channa
Species: C. micropeltes
Binomial name
Channa micropeltes
(G. Cuvier, 1831)

 

The giant snakehead or giant mudfish (Channa micropeltes) among the largest species in the family Channidae, capable of growing to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in length and a weight of 20 kg (44 lb).[1] It is native to the fresh waters of Southeast Asia (south Indian populations are now regarded as a separate species, C. diplogramma),[1][2] but has also been introduced elsewhere, including the United States where considered invasive. Other names include red snakehead, redline snakehead, and ikan toman (where ikan is "fish" in both Indonesian and Malay). The giant snakehead is known in Thai language as pla chado (Thai: ปลาชะโด).[3]

 

 

Biology

 

The young of the giant snakehead are red in color, with orange and black lateral stripes appearing after about two months. As the giant snakehead matures, it loses its stripes and redness, and instead develops a bluish-black and white pattern on its upper body. Juveniles sold in the aquarium fish trade are commonly called "red snakeheads". They can get up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) long and a weigh 20 kg (44 lb).[1] Giant snakeheads are the most aggressive[according to whom?] of the about 35 species of snakeheads.

 

Two-cm-long fry: Its color when young explains another of its names, the red snakehead.

 

After Bleeker, 1878; juvenile. USGS 2004[4]

 

Near-adult juveniles

 

The species has the ability to crawl onto land and breathe air, although they are only able to do this in muddy or swampy areas, hence the nickname "mudfish".

 

Its ability to breathe air using a primitive lung located just behind the gills allows it to survive in stagnant water where oxygen levels are low, by coming to the surface and taking a small gulp of air. It also enables the snakehead to travel short distances on land, although it is unable to hunt while on land, as it cannot support itself at all with its small fins in comparison to its large body.

 

Use as food

 

Pla buang is a northern Thai dish of sun-dried and deep-fried giant snakehead

 

In Malaysia and Singapore, they are known locally as the toman, while in Indonesia they are called gabus or haruan (not to be confused with another species of smaller snakehead known as the common snakehead also called haruan), and are cultured in fish ponds and reservoirs as game fish because they put up a strong fight when hooked. The giant snakehead is also a good food fish, and is often served in Chinese restaurants.

 

In Thailand, this fish is prepared in a variety of ways, especially grilled, being a common food item offered by street vendors. In the village/rural parts of Kerala[India], it has the reputation as a good food fish as it eats only live baits.[1]

 

In various Asian cultures, eating this fish is believed to help in healing of the body, for example, after surgery or severe cuts and scrapes.

 

In the aquarium

 

The giant snakehead, normally called red or redline snakeheads, are a popular fish to be sold in the pet trade. They are commonly sold as juveniles as pets. Some are even sold as feeders to be fed to larger carnivorous fish. They are voracious predators that will chase and eat anything that fits in their mouths. Due to this, they are called "freshwater great whites". However, they can successfully be housed with silver arowanas, clown knife fishes, oscars, and other fish from same size group.

 

Distribution

 

Distribution of Channa micropeltes, USGS 2004.[4] The Indian population (red), referred to as "Introduced", is actually C. diplogramma, which formerly was considered a synonym of C. micropeltes[2]

 

The giant snakehead is found in Southeast Asia, including the Mekong and Chao Phraya River basins in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, as well as the Thai-Malay Peninsula and the islands of Borneo and Sumatra.[1] It was formerly believed to have an an oddly disjunctive distribution, inhabiting both Southeast Asia and southwest India, about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) apart. The Indian population was speculated to be from an early human introduction, prior to the 19th century.[5][6] In 2011 it was established that the southeast Asian and Indian population are separate species, with the latter correctly named C. diplogramma (leaving C. micropeltes for the southeast Asian population).[1][2]

 

Ebanasar (1995)[full citation needed] has also conducted series of experiments on the biology, physiology and culture of this fish. This fish is reported to be highly suitable for cage culture and culture in ponds in combination with tilapia. It is found to be an effective tool in controlling the overpopulation of tilapia and thus checks the stunted growth of tilapia.

 

As the result of human indroductions, the giant snakehead has been reported already in six US states, including Wisconsin, Maryland, and parts of Virginia.

Ikan Todak

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Ikan Todak Nipis
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam: Haiwan
Filum: Kordata
Kelas: Actinopterygii
Order: Beloniformes
Keluarga: Belonidae
Genus: Ablennes
D. S. Jordan & Fordice, 1887
Spesies: A. hians
Nama binomial
Ablennes hians
Valenciennes, 1846
Sinonim
  • Ablennes pacificus Walford, 1936
  • Belone hians Valenciennes, 1846
  • Belone maculata Poey, 1860
  • Belone melanostigma Valenciennes, 1846
  • Belone schismatorhynchus Bleeker, 1850
  • Mastaccembelus melanostigma Valenciennes, 1846
  • Mastacembelus fasciatus Bleeker, 1873
  • Tylosurus caeruleofasciatus Stead, 1908
  • Tylosurus hians Valenciennes, 1846

 

Ikan Todak Nipis, Ablennes hians, ahli tunggal genus Ablennes, merupakan ikan air masin dalam keluargaBelonidae. Ikan Todak Nipis dianggap ikan sukan, sering kali ditangkap menggunakan sumber cahaya buatan,[1] tetapi sering kali tidak dimakan kerana warna isinya yang hijau.[2]

 

Nama saintifik ikan ini diberikan oleh Valenciennes pada tahun 1846.

 

Gambaran

 

Sungguhpun ia tiada tulang pada sirip, ia memiliki beberapa tulang rawan lembut. Terdapat antara 23-26 batang pada sirip dorsal dan 24-28 pada sirip dubur.[3] Ia memiliki 86-93 tulang belakang.[3] Pada bahagian belakang, ikan todak bewarna kebiruan, putih pada bahagian perut, dengan tompokan gelap dan belang menegak pada bahagian tengah badan.[4] Ikan todak memiliki badan memanjang, dangan sirip pektoral berbentuk sabit, dan sirip dubur.[3] Ia turut memiliki tompok gelap pada bahagian posterior di sirip dorsalnya.[3] Ikan todak terpanjang direkod berukuran sepanjang 140 sm,[5] Ukuran bagi panjang badan ikan todak tidak termasuk sirip kaudal dan kepala kerana muncung ikan todak yang panjang sering kali patah.[3] Ikan todak paling berat direkodkan adalah seberat 4.8kg.[5]

 

Taburan dan habitat

 

Ikan todak terdapat diseluruh dunia di kawasan laut tropika dan serdahana.[3] Di Atlantik Timur, ia diketahui terdapat di Tanjung Verde dan Dakar sehingga jajahan Namibe, Moçamedes]] di Angola.[6] Di Atlantik Barat ia diketahui berada di selatan Teluk Chesapeake sehingga ke Brazil.[7] Ia terdapat sepanjang Lautan India,[3] dan di barat Pasifik dari selatan kepulauan Jepun sehingga ke Australia[8] dan Tuvalu.[9]

 

Ikan todak biasanya tinggal di air laut neritik berhampiran pulau ,[10] muara,[11] and near coastal rivers[12] where they feed on smaller fish[1] dan kadang kala berkumpul dalam kawanan besar ikan.[2]

 

Pembiakan

 

Ikan todak bertelor, yang melekatkan dirinya pada serpihan terapong melalui filamen pada permukaan setiap telor[13] Hanya gonad kiri pada kedua jantina berkembang, gonad kanan kadang kala tiada sepenuhnya.[14]

 

 

Belut

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Belut
Anguilla rostrata
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam: Haiwan
Filum: Kordata
Kelas: Actinopterygii
Order: Anguilliformes
Suborder

Lihat teks.

 

Belut

 

Belut muda

 

Belut (Anguilliformes) merupakan sejenis order ikan yang mempunyai badan panjang tanpa anggota tangan atau kaki. Terdapat 4 suborder, 19 famili, 110 genus dan 400 spesies belut. Kebanyakannya merupakan pemangsa.

 

Belut tinggal di dalam air, kebanyakannya di laut. Cuma famili Anguillidae tinggal di kawasan air tawar. Sesetengah belut suka bersempunyi di dasar laut (sehingga 4000 m bagi famili Synaphobranchidae), manakala yang lain rajin berenang.

 

Pengelasan

 

Berikut merupakan senarai suborder dan famili belut mengikut susunan FishBase:

 

Suborder Anguilloidei

 

 

Suborder Congroidei

 

 

Suborder Nemichthyoidei

 

 

Suborder Synaphobranchoidei